Method
Each state is assigned the elapsed time from its timestamp to the following timestamp. A transition is counted only when the normalized state label changes. An entry into RUNNING is a start observation; an exit from RUNNING is an observed stop or transfer to another state.
Interpretation
This is event-log reconstruction, not operational availability. The observed window may omit scheduled time, communications loss, planned exclusions, or an unfinished final state. Reconcile those boundaries before using results in Operational Availability or OEE.
Worked example and limitations
The sample covers 5 hours and assigns 4 hours to RUNNING, so the observed running share is 80%. It records three entries into and three exits from RUNNING. State spelling is exact after case normalization: FAULT and FAULTED remain different categories.